Locust bean gum or Carob bean gum (ELGUM) is a galactomannan extracted from the seeds of carob tree which are present inside the long fruit pods of the tree. Carob powder is obtained from the fruit pod after removing the seeds of Locust Gum, whereas the gum is extracted out from the seeds.
The carob fruit pods are the edible part of the carob tree & are used as a natural sweetener & thickener in foods. The pods are brown, elongated, compressed & contain hard seeds inside. The pods can be eaten raw or cooked having a sweet & slightly bitter taste.
Locust bean gum consists of β-(1,4)-D-mannose units. Approximately every fourth mannose units are substituted with a small side chain consisting of a 1,6 linked α-galactose sugar.
Xanthan gum improves the commercial value of products like beverages, cakes, pastries, jelly, canned foods, sea foods, meat product processed products etc.
Galactomannan substitution levels are essential to identify various gums. The number of galactose & mannose side chains dictates the type of gum:
| Name of gum | Number of galactose units | Number of mannose units |
|---|---|---|
| Locust Bean Gum | 1 | 4 |
| Tara Gum | 1 | 3 |
| Guar Gum | 1 | 2 |
| Fenugreek gum | 1 | 1 |
| Tagua Nut or Ivory nut mannan | 0 | 1 |
The substitution levels are important as they profoundly impact the properties of the gums because polymannan can couple & is self-cross linkable.
Polymannan is a kind of polysaccharide made of mannose units connected by β-(1,4) glycosidic bonds. The solubility and characteristics of this polymannan depends on how many galactose side chains are attached to it. Polymannan can join with other molecules by forming hydrogen or covalent bonds, and it can also link with itself through intermolecular forces. This self-linking can enhance the mechanical, thermal, and water-resistant properties of materials based on polymannan.
Thus, tagua nut mannan with no galactose units is insoluble & fenugreek gum shows gum properties of a simple random coil structure. LBG shows intermediate properties showing solubility & also shows substantial aggregation in solution.
Properties of Locust Bean Gum – ELGUM
Locust bean gum is a natural branched non-ionic polymer that is off-white to light brownish powder. It is readily dispersed in cold & hot water forming a solution between pH 5.4 to 7.0 & on adding small amount of sodium borate, a gel is formed. It is partially soluble in cold water. Its quality depends on :
Low Acid Insoluble Matter – indicates proper removal of skin from the seed.
Low Protein content – indicates proper separation of endosperm.
LBG is partially soluble in cold water but is completely soluble at about 82°C. It forms a highly viscous solution & forms gels with Xanthan gum upon heating & cooling binding the water molecules. It makes agar & carrageenan more elastic.
By forming a crystalline region, the mannan sections of the molecule chain become more thermodynamically stable than in the solution state. As a result, the polymer chains tend to aggregate even at ambient temperature when in solution. This is beneficial, as lower water activity and solution temperature can enhance the aggregation and create a 3D network and a gel. This is the same process that occurs in ice cream during freezing. This has two major benefits: first, the ice cream does not have a slimy or slippery mouth feel due to the weak gel structure; and second, the weak gel structure prevents the ice cream from melting quickly when heated.
LBG and kappa carrageenan are the main ingredients for making dessert jellies and pet food jellies without gelatin The texture of the gel from LBG and carrageenan can be adjusted to be like gelatin. The gel also melts at a higher temperature, which is useful for areas that are warm or lack fridges in every home. The gel’s melting point can also be altered by modifying the molecular weight of the LBG. This is more beneficial for processing than for giving the gel a melt in the mouth feeling.
Exploiting functional properties of LBG – ELGUM
In cream cheese where it is used to bind water & produce a spreadable texture (texturizer) without imparting sliminess.
Thickening, stabilizing & gelling in food systems.
Allows formation of smooth texture, creaminess & controlled syneresis.
Emulsifying
Flavor &/or flavor modifier – Sweetening food products & flavors like chocolate due to its fruity odor.
Encapsulating agent
In processed cheese, ice cream, bakery products, soups & pies
Effective at usage levels of 0.1– 1.0%.
Application of ELGUM
LBG has a cohesive property that makes water molecules stick together. This is useful in the food industry, where LBG can hold water molecules and help in thickening and gelling foods like salads, dressings, bread, sauces, and meat products. It also makes candies have a chewy nature.
LBG is a useful ingredient for optimizing the freeze-thaw mechanisms of frozen foods in the dairy industry. It also stops the sugar from crystallizing and helps make low-fat ice cream. It is used to make fruit gels.
LBG serves as a binder in manufacturing pet foods.
Balod, Baloda Bazar, Balrampur, Bastar, Bemetara, Bijapur, Dantewada, Dhamtari, Durg, Gariaband, Janjgir Champa, Jashpur, Kabirdham, Kanker, Kondagaon, Korba, Koriya, Mahasamund, Mungeli, Narayanpur, Raigarh, Raipur, Rajnandgaon, Sukma, Surajpur, Surguja, Moudhapara, Birgoan, Lalpur, Nahar Para, Devpuri, Bilaspur, Rajnandgaon, Dagori , Tilda, Lara, Silphari , Siltara, Champa, Jamul.
Angul, Boudh (Baudh), Balangir, Bargarh, Balasore (Baleswar), Bhadrak, Cuttack, Deogarh (Debagarh), Dhenkanal, Ganjam, Gajapati, Jharsuguda, Jajpur, Jagatsinghapur, Khordha, Keonjhar (Kendujhar), Kalahandi, Kandhamal, Koraput, Kendrapara, Malkangiri, Mayurbhanj, Nabarangpur, Nuapada, Nayagarh, Puri, Rayagada, Sambalpur, Subarnapur (Sonepur), Sundargarh, Kataka, Rayagada,.
Alipurduar, Bankura, Birbhum, Cooch Behar, Dakshin Dinajpur, Darjeeling, Hooghly, Howrah, Jalpaiguri, Jhargram, Kalimpong, Kolkata, Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia, North 24 Parganas, Paschim Bardhaman, Paschim Medinipur, Purba Bardhaman, Purba Medinipur, Purulia, South 24 Parganas, Uttar Dinajpur, Tangra, Haldia, Bilkanda, Bajitpur, Rameshwerpur, Barrackpore, Dasnagar, Bagh, Dankunibil, Nandal, Sahalalpur, Domjur, Rajhat, Tegharia, Narendra Chandra Dutta Sarani, Chandni Chawk, B.B.D. Bagh,Bowbazar, Maheshtala, Asansol, Belghoria, Tikiapara,
East Sikkim, North Sikkim, South Sikkim, West Sikkim, Gangtok, Mangan, Namchi, Geyzing.
Bokaro, Chatra, Deoghar, Dhanbad, Dumka, East Singhbhum, Garhwa, Giridih, Godda, Gumla, Hazaribagh, Jamtara, Khunti, Koderma, Latehar, Lohardaga, Pakur, Palamu, Ramgarh, Ranchi, Sahebganj, Seraikela, Simdega,West Singhbhum, Aditpapur, Gamharia, Ahirtoli, Tatisilwai, Gamharia, Hazaribagh, haranganj, Kumhartoli, Pandra, Bokaro Steel City, Argora, Delatoli, Medininagar, Dhanbad, Hatia, Jumala, Tensera, Tudupana, Kokar, Namkum, Tatisilwai, Chapawar, Koilari, Sarwal, Kulhi, Burmu, Patratu, Barhi, Sikri, Daltonghanj, Koderma, Belchampa, Lohardagga, Barghi, Babhani, Sikri, Belchampa.
Baksa, Barpeta, Biswanath, Bongaigaon, Cachar, Charaideo, Chirang, Darrang, Dhemaji, Dhubri, Dibrugarh, Dima Hasao, Goalpara, Golaghat, Hailakandi, Hojai, Jorhat, Kamrup Metropolitan, Kamrup, Karbi Anglong, Karimganj, Kokrajhar, Lakhimpur, Majuli, Morigaon, Nagaon, Nalbari, Sivasagar, Sonitpur, South Salmara-Mankachar, Tinsukia, Udalguri, West Karbi Anglong, Silchar, North Guwahati, Bijni, Margherita, Barpeta Road, Sonari, Kharupetia, Dhekiajuli, Jagiroad, Guwahati, Lanka, Tezpur, Lumding, Amguri, Ambikapur, Chabua, Lakhipur, Gohpur, Jogighopa, Badarpur, Duliajan, Moran, Diphu, Hamren, Abhayapuri, Marigaon, Rangapara, New Bongaigaon Railway Colony, Bokajan, Mangaldai, Haflong, Numaligarh, Silchar Part-X, Doboka, Digboi Oil Town, Sibsagar, Biswanath Chariali, Dergaon, Bokokhat, Bilasipara, Silapathar, Dispur.
Changlang, East Kameng, East Siang, Lohit, Lower Subansiri, Papum-Pare, Tawang, Tirap, Upper Siang, Upper Subansiri, West Siang, Anjaw, Lower Dibang Vally, Kurung Kumey, Namsai, Ziro, West Kameng, Naharlagun, Papum Pare, Pasighat, Tezu, Basar, Itanagar, Roing, Khonsa, Doimukh, Namsai, Chimpu, Pasighat, Itanagar, Namsai.
Dhalai, North Tripura, West Tripura, South Tripura, Ambassa, Kailasahar, Udaipur, Agartala, Khowai, Indranagar, Kanchanpur, Kailasahar.
Araria, Arwal, Aurangabad, Banka, Begusarai, Bhagalpur, Bhojpur, Buxar, Darbhanga, East Champaran, Gaya, Gopalganj, Jamui, Jehanabad, Khagaria, Kishanganj, Kaimur, Katihar, Lakhisarai, Madhubani, Munger, Madhepura, Muzaffarpur, Nalanda, Nawada, Patna, Purnia, Rohtas, Saharsa, Samastipur, Sheohar, Sheikhpura, Saran, Sitamarhi, Supaul, Siwan, Vaishali, West Champaran, Bettiah, Hajipur, Dumra, Arrah, Motihari, Bhabua, Bihar Sharif, Sasaram, Chhapra, Dumra,Sitamarhi, Piro, Jogbani, Bihariganj, Raxaul, Daudnagar, Hisua, Chakia, Nirmali, Motipur, Ramnagar, Asarganj, Ghoghardiha, Bikramganj, Dinapur Cantonment, Nokha, Dehri, Kanti, Jagdispur, Teghra, Jhanjharpur, Habibpur, Mairwa, Areraj, Dalsingh Sarai, Amarpur, Jamalpur, Dhaka, Barh, Masaurhi, Mohiuddinagar, Naugachhia, Maharajganj, Chhatapur, Forbesganj, Bihar, Rajgir, Marhaura, Chanpatia, Barhiya, Narkatiaganj, Lalganj, Jaynagar, Islampur, Phulwari, Ara, Bodh Gaya, Mokama, Colgong, Ghrounda, Deedarganj , Chhoti Pahari, Chapra, Hajipur, Mohanbariam, Madhopara, Gehumi, Kaghzi Mohalla.
East Garo Hills, East Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills,Ri Bhoi,South Garo Hills,West Khasi Hills, Williamnagar, Shillong, Jowai, Nongpoh , Baghmara, Tura, Nongstoin, West Garo Hills, Shillong Cantonment, Jawai, Nongthymmai.
Thoubal, Imphal East, Imphal West, Senapati, Ukhrul, Chandel, Churachandpur, Tamenglong, Nambol, Imphal, Jiribam, Bishnupur, Moreh, Kakching.
Aizawl, Kolasib, Lawngtlai, Lunglei, Mamit, Saiha, Serchhip, Champhai.
Dimapur, Kiphire, Kohima, Longleng, Mokokchung, Mon, Peren, Phek, Tuensang, Wokha, Zunheboto, Noklak.
Ahmednagar, Akola, Amravati, Aurangabad,v Beed, Bhandara, Buldhana, Chandrapur, Dhule, Gadchiroli, Gondia, Hingoli, Jalgaon, Jalna, Kolhapur, Latur, Mumbai, Nagpur, Nanded, Nandurbar, Nashik, Osmanabad, Palghar, Parbhani, Pune, Raigad, Ratnagiri, Sangli, Satara, Sindhudurg, Solapur, Thane, Wardha, Washim, Yavatmal, Kalamboli, Taloja, Vasai, Vashi, Mira Bhayandar, Bhiwandi, Ulhasnagar, Ambarnath, Panvel, Degaon , Kupwad, Waluj , Avadhan , Tarapur, Boisar, Pimpri, Chinchwad , Satpur, Ambad, Sinnar, Butibori, Kagal , Gokul Shirgaon, Shiroli, Akola, Mahad, Rabale, Turbhe, Kalyan, Chandrapur, Lote, Beed. Osnambad, Satna, Nagothane.
Ahmedabad, Amreli, Anand, Aravalli, Banaskantha, Bharuch, Bhavnagar, Botad, Chhota Udaipur, Dahod, Dang, Devbhoomi Dwarka, Gandhinagar, Gir Somnath, Jamnagar, Junagadh, Kutch, Kheda, Mahisagar, Mehsana, Morbi, Narmada, Navsari, Panchmahal, Patan, Porbandar, Rajkot, Sabarkantha, Surat, Surendranagar, Tapi, Vadodara, Valsad, Palanpur, Veraval, Bhuj, Lunavada, Rajpipla, Godhra, Himmatnagar, Vyara, Dahej, Sanand ,Vani, Vatwa, Dhandhuka, Dholka, Viramgam, Kathawada, Odhav, Naroda, Sankheda, Sankheda, Dabhoi, Ranoli, Limbda, Por Ramangamdi, Nandesari, Makarpura, Vaghodia, Savli, Thasra, Kapadwanj, Matar, Nadiad, Balasinor, Sojitra, Umreth, Petlad, Borsad, Khambat, V.U. Nagar, Bhat,Dehgam, Mansa, Ranasan, Gozaria, Pardi, Bhilad, Umbergaon, Sarigam , Vapi, Unai, Bilimora, Dhrol, Bhatia, Bhanvad, Jamkhambhalia, Arambhada, Kotda-Sangani, Paddhari, Malia, Jasdan, Bhaktinagar, Jetpur, Wankaner, Morbi, Dhoraji, Gondal, Rafaleshwar, Kuvadawa, Aji, Lodhika, Valod, Khatodara, Bardoli, Nizarm, Olpad, Katargam, Doswada, Pandesaram, Hazira, Sachin, Ichchapore, Jafrabad, Liliya, Rajula, Babra, Damnagar, Amrelim, Babra, Vallabhipur, Dhasa, Botad, Vitthalwadi, Shihor, Palitana, Mahuva, Shihor, Vertej, Alang, Chitra, Sihori, Ambaji, Radhanpur, Chandisar, Mundra, Madhapur, Anjar, Mandvi, Vagra, Jambusar, Hansot, Panoli, Nabipur, Dungari, Valia, Naldhari, Kanerao, Dodwada, Kondh, Atali-Kaladra, Ankleshwar, Jhagadia, Tilakwada, Sagbara, Dediapada, Rajpipla, Visavadar, Veraval, Sutrapada, Porbandar, Miyani, Sayla, Chotila, Lakhtar, Halvad, Thangadh, Dhangadhra, Limbdi, Bamanbore, Kukarwada, Balisana, Kheralu, Visnagar, Vijapur, Kalol, Kadi, Chhatral, Patan, Chanasma, Lanva, Sidhpur, Jambughoda, Shahera, Godhra, Halol, Devgadhbaria, Malpur, Idar, Modasa, Himatnagar, Talod, Pimpri, Rakhial, Odhav, Sarkhej, Dhanera, Alang, Dharangadhra, Deea, Gandhidham, Karjan, Vartej, Kapadwanj, Pardi, Kanjari, Kaliawadi, Mithapur, Bhachau, Patan, Tapi, Sayla, Amroli.
North Goa, South Goa, Mapusa, Bicholim, Panaji, Bardez, Tiswadi, Bicholim, Sattari, Pernem, Mormugao, Ponda, Quepem, Margao and Dharbandora. Salcete, Sanguem, Canacona, Bethora, Bicholim, Canacona, Colvale, Corlim, Cuncolim, Dharbandoda, Honda, Kakoda, Kundaim, Latambarcem, Madkaim, Mapusa, Margao Panchwadi, Pilerne, Pissurlem, Quittol, Sancoale, Sanguem, Shiroda, Thivim, Tuem,Verna, Pilerna, Porvorim,
Bilaspur, Chamba, Hamirpur, Kangra, Kinnaur,Kullu,Lahaul & Spiti, Mandi, Shimla , Sirmaur, Solan, Una, Baddi, Sheetalpur , Sundar Nagar, Sirmour, Pataliyon, Una, Indora, Bari, Damtal, Mehatpur, Gagret, Parwano, Barotiwala, Shamshi, Nagrotu Bagwan,Sansar Pur Tera, Solan, Mandi, Hamirpur, Shogi, Raga-Ka-Bagh, Ambi, Taliwala, Keylong.
Amritsar, Barnala, Faridkot, Fatehgarh Sahib, Firozpur, Fazilka, Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Ludhiana,, Moga, Sri Muktsar Sahib, Pathankot, Patiala, Rupnagar, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Sangrur, Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar, Taran Taran, Dhilwan, Dasuya, Dinanagar, Karoran, Samrala, Malaut, Kurali, Mandi Gobindgarh, Jaitu, Nabha, Payal, Balachaur, Muktsar, Moonak, Khamanon, Batala, Bassi Pathana, Guru Har Sahai, Bhadur, Sahnewal, Lalru, Sanaur, Longowal, Jagraon, Sardulgarh, Phillaur, Anandpur Sahib, Mohali, Nawanshahr, Banga, Dera Bassi, Bhikhi, Malerkotla, Doraha, Garhshankar, Kharar, Sirhind, Shahkot, Zirakpur, Khanna, Rampura, Ludhiana, Mansa, Dhuri, Makhu, Amloh, Urmar Tanda, Raman, Goraya, Jalandhar Cantonment, Hoshiarpur, Kartarpur, Bhuch, Malout, Rajpura, Kotkapura, Sunam, Giddarbaha, Dirba, Firozpur Cantonment, Dhariwal, Morinda, Naya Nangal, Hariana, Nakodar, Phagwara, Machhiwara, Ajnala, Sultanpur Lodhi, Tarn Taran, Maur, Zira, Alawalpur, Ghagga, Kot Kapura, Kapurthala, Pattran, Jalalabad, Bagh Purana, Bathinda, Nawashahr, Budhlada, Munak, Bhabat, Bhawanigarh, Abohar, Hajipur, Ahmedgarh, Sujanpur, Samana, Jalandhar, Sahib, Gurdaspur, Nangal,, Mukerian, Talwandi Bhai, Lehra Gaga.
Pithoragarh,Uttarkashi, Rishikesh Cantonment, Rishikesh, Dehradun, Bhim Tal, Mahua Kheraganj, Khatima, Kausani, Bageshwar, Kashipur, Sitarganj, Srinagar, Dehrakhas, Tehri, Haridwar, Narendranagar, Nainital, Vikasnagar, Kotdwara, Ramnagar, Masuri, Rurki, Roorkee, Udham Singh Nagar, Laksar, Kaladungi, Sultanpur, Almora, Manglaur, Kichha, Chamoli and Gopeshwar, Gadarpur, Chakrata, Champawat, Lalkuan, Rudraprayag, Rudrapur, Jaspur, Haldwani, Ranipur, Ranikhet, Pauri, Bazpur, Tanakpur, Chamoli, Pauri Garhwal.
Bhiwani, Charkhi Dadri, Faridabad, Fatehabad, Gurugram, Hisar, Jhajjar, Jind, Kaithal, Karnal, Kurukshetra, Mahendragarh, Nuh, Palwal, Panchkula, Panipat, Rewari, Rohtak, Sirsa, Sonipat, Yamunanagar, Ladwa, Indri, Punahana, Siwani, Asandh, Raipur Rani, Ateli, Barwala, Kheri Sampla, Hodal, Ratiya, Kalka, Narayangarh, Uklana Mandi, Bahadurgarh, Tauru, Gohana, Rania, Pundri, Dharuhera, Ballabgarh, Pehowa, Gurgaon, Ghraunda, Tohana, Kanina, Narwana, Narnaund, Gannaur, Shahabad, Pinjaur, Dabwali, Chita, Samalkha, Hansi, Safidon, Taraori, Kharkhoda, Bawal, Thanesar, Kalanwali, Ellenabad, Loharu, Jagadhri, Radaur, Nilokheri, Maham, Kundli, Bilaspur, Sohna, Ambala Cantt, Narnaul, Farrukhnagar, Firozpur Jhirka, Julana, Beri,Ambala
Ringas, Sirohi, Jhalawar, Bhasawar, Khairthal, Didwana, Bari Sadri, Napasar, Chittorgarh, Kherwara Chhaoni, Kota, Ratangarh, Bharatpur, Barmer, Chhabra, Raisinghnagar, Pushkar, Mangrol, Kumbhalgarh, Bilara, Kuchaman, Chhoti Sadri, Sambhar, Suratgarh, Churu, Asind, Nawalgarh, Kankroli, Raipur, Rajgarh, Aklera, Devgarh, Dausa, Khetri, Pilani, Jaisalmer, Pali, Beawar, Ramgarh, Sangariya, Udpura, Pipar, Nimaj, Vijainagar, Abu Road, Bagru, Bundi, Shahpura, Indragarh, Sumerpur,Balotra, Baswa, Sunel, Gothra, Mount Abu, Surajgarh, Sujangarh, Pratapgarh, Ratan Nagar, Karauli, Dholpur, Chirawa, Bali, Marwar, Gangapur, Ladnun, Hindaun, Swaroopganj, Nathdwara, Deoli, Jhunjhunun, Rajsamand, Kapasan, Kishangarh, Rani, Nasirabad, Bhadra, Neemrana, Bandikui, Jaiselmer, Bikaner, Rawatbhata, Amet, Salumbar, Jhalrapatan, Falna, Rawatsar, Taranagar, Sagwara, Neem Ka Thana, Lakheri, Begun, Padampur, Dungarpur, Udaipur, Chomun, Basi, Phalodi, Pokaran, Bahror, Sardarshahr, Sikar, Jodhpur, Anupgarh, Lachhmangarh, Makrana, Chhipa Barod, Bhinmal, Kekri, Bari, Bhilwara, Jaitaran, Sriganganagar, Nawa, Kuchera, Alwar, Pilibanga, Mandawar, Kaman, Niwai, Pindwara, Jalore, Merta, Newa Talai, Sheoganj, Sojat Road, Hanumangarh, Sawai Madhopur, Ramganj Mandi, Fatehnagar, Kot Putli, Nokha, Nagar, Baran, Nohar, Bhawani Mandi, Ajmer, Nimbahera, Sojat, Malpura, Lalsot, Jaipur, Rajakhera, Bijoliya Kalan, Nagaur, Madanganj, Bhawri, Ganganagar, Raniwara, Mundwa, Sadulshahar, Sadri, Tijara, Phulera, Fatehpur, Banswara, Bhiwadi, Bayana, Sanchor, Tonk.
Aligarh, PrayagRaj, Ambedkar Nagar, Amroha, Auraiya, Azamgarh, Badaun, Bahraich, Ballia, Balrampur, Banda District, Barabanki, Bareilly, Basti, Bijnor, Bulandshahr, Chandauli(Varanasi Dehat), Chitrakoot, Deoria, Etah, Etawah, Faizabad, Farrukhabad, Fatehpur, Firozabad, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghazipur, Gonda, Gorakhpur, Hamirpur, Hapur District, Hardoi, Hathras, Jaunpur District, Jhansi, Kannauj, Kanpur Dehat, Kanpur Nagar, Kasganj, Kaushambi, Kushinagar, Lakhimpur Kheri, Lalitpur, Lucknow, Maharajganj, Mahoba, Mainpuri, Mathura, Mau, Meerut, Mirzapur, Moradabad, Muzaffarnagar, Pilibhit, Pratapgarh, Rae Bareli, Rampur, Saharanpur, Sant Kabir Nagar, Sant Ravidas Nagar, Sambhal, Shahjahanpur, Shamli, Shravasti, Siddharthnagar, Sitapur, Sonbhadra, Sultanpur, Unnao, Varanasi (Kashi), Allahabad, Amethi, Bagpat, Baheri, Bilsi, Bilaspur, Maghar, Chandausi, Mubarakpur, Palia Kalan, Sadabad, Sahanpur, Jalaun, Lakhimpur, Kurara, Anpara, Gopiganj, Chhata, Sandila, Harraiya, Jewar, Robertsganj, Ramkola, Khekra, Bharthana, Kiratpur, Fatehabad, Sikandra Rao, Jyotiba Phule Nagar, Nautanwa, Jhansi Cantonment, Chilkana Sultanpur, Bangarmau, Usawan, Jais, Tilhar, Fatehpur Chaurasi, Deoband, Khatauli, Rudarpur, Beswan, Kanpur, Tundla, Nawabganj, Kerakat, Jalalabad, Aliganj, Dibiyapur, Purdil Nagar, Sirsaganj, Orai, Biswan, Dhanaura, Shikarpur, Behat, Hasanpur, Sikandarabad, Gautam Buddh Nagar, Modinagar, Nihtaur, Chitrakut Dham, Nichlaul, Khamaria, Bikapur, Jalesar, Loni, Barhani, Musafirkhana, Jasrana, Jansath, Varanasi, Jalalpur, Vrindavan, Kota, Sikandra, Gajraula, Khalilabad, Beniganj, Sardhana, Babrala, Bahjoi, Kundarki, Puranpur, Siyana, Baraut, Phaphund, Agra, Rampura, Ramnagar, Muradnagar, Dhampur, Pilkhuwa, Najibabad, Bilsanda, Dudhinagar, Gola Gokarannath, Greater Noida, Mathura Cantonment, Bindki, Kosi Kalan, Ganj Muradabad, Nagina, Bhatpar Rani, Alapur, Prayagraj Cantonment, Mankapur, Manikpur, Sahaswan, Bilari, Chandpur, Varanasi Cantonment, Bisalpur, Faizabad Cantonment, Bidhuna, Aurangabad, Fatehgarh, Kalpi, Lalganj, Renukut, Bisauli, Dibai, Karhal, Bilhaur, Sherkot, Nakur, Rasra, Seohara, Safipur, Hapur, Daurala, Kishni, Anupshahr, Obra, Rath, Dasna, Tanda, Gunnaur, Barva Sagar, Konch, Mauranipur, Jaunpur, Kishanpur, Bareilly Cantonment, Thakurdwara, Shahganj, Kunda, Ayodhya, Bulandshahar, Mawana, Miranpur, Kanth, Kharkhoda, Budaun, Gursahaiganj, Bhinga, Colonelganj, Zamania, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Nagar, Chandauli, Sirsa, Bhadohi, Sidhpura, Rae Bareilly, Karnawal, Sarsawan, Noida, Gyanpur, Shikohabad, Bhongaon, Shahjahanpur Cantonment, Gangoh, Gokul, Khurja, Hata, Sahibabad, Patti, Gulaothi, Anandnagar, Fatehpur Sikri, Chunar, Ghosia Bazar, Mursan, Pahasu, Nizamabad, Agra Cantonment, Kheri, Hyderabad, Kairana, Banda, Dadri.
Balod, Baloda Bazar, Balrampur, Bastar, Bemetara, Bijapur, Bilaspur, Dantewada, Dhamtari, Durg, Gariaband, Janjgir-Champa, Jashpur, Kabirdham, Kanker, Kondagaon, Korba, Koriya, Mahasamund, Mungeli, Narayanpur, Raigarh, Raipur, Rajnandgaon, Sukma, Surajpur, Surguja, Pathalgaon, Dongragarh, Bilha, Kharsia, Saraipali, Mahendragarh, Tildanewra, Jashpurnagar, Champa, Khairagarh, Sarajpur, Bhatapara, Bagbahara, Kurud, Bhilai, Pendra, Baloda, Jagdalpur, Katghora, Sarangarh, Kawardha, Pithora, Ramanuj Ganj, Kumhari, Telgaon, Chirmiri, Bemetra, Kota, Ambikapur, Dongargaon, Sakti, Urla, Charoda.
Agar Malwa, Alirajpur, Anuppur, Ashoknagar, Balaghat, Barwan, Betul, Bhind, Bhopal, Burhanpur, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, Damoh, Datia, Dewas, Dhar, Dindori, East Nimar, Guna, Gwalior, Harda, Hoshangabad, Indore, Jabalpur, Jhabua, Katni, Mandla, Mandsaur, Morena, Narsinghpur, Neemuch, Niwari, Panna, Raisen, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Rewa, Sagar, Satna, Sehore, Seoni, Shahdol, Shajapur, Sheopur, Shivpuri, Sidhi, Singrauli, Tikamgarh, Ujjain, Umaria, Vidisha, West Nimar, Agar, Khandwa, Khargone, Sukhlia, Loha Mandi, Pithampur, Palda, Narmadapuram, Lasudia , Budasa, Patan, Shahpur, Sonkatch, Pachmarhi, Birsinghpur, Depalpur, Bagli, Parasia, Maksi, Mau, Sarangpur, Malaj Khand, Garoth, Begamganj, Khetia, Machalpur, Barwani, Biaora, Joura, Shahpura, Maihar, Kailaras, Jawad, Multai, Mangawan, Anjad, Sagar Cantonment, Beohari, Jaora, Panagar, Gohad, Karera, Pipliya Mandi, Amarpatan, Gormi, Sihora, Barwaha, Jirapur, Khujner, Manasa, Pichhore, Rajpur, Rampura, Maheshwar, Manawar, Katangi, Bagh, Kotma, Babai, Nalkheda, Alot, Khirkiya, Sanchi, Sitamau, Gairatganj, Malhargarh, Shamgarh, Dabra, Ichhawar, Gadarwara, Vijayraghavgarh, Basoda, Bamaniya, Nagod, Dhamnod, Shujalpur, Rau, Nepa Nagar, Kukshi, Rahatgarh, Betul Bazar, Banda, Pipariya, Udaipura, Badnagar, Bina-Etawa, Mhow, Khajuraho, Amarwara, Berasia, Sendhwa, Mandleshwar, Khurai, Sultanpur, Khilchipur, Jabalpur G.C.F, Baraily, Sausar, Tarana, Malanpur, Jabalpur Cantonment, Badnawar, Petlawad, Bijuri, Timarni, Sironj, Sohagpur, Mandideep, Kareli, Tekanpur, Harsud, Bhainsdehi, Pandhurna, Ashta, Hanumana, Ratlam Kasba, Khategaon, Itarsi, Kasrawad, Ganjbasoda, Chanderi, Rampur Baghelan, Bina Railway Colony, Kurwai, Sanawad, Chichli, Kothi, Nagda, Baihar, Indergarh,,
Perundurai, Thirumazhisai, Melur, Cuddalore, Theni Allinagaram, Kallakkurichi, Sayapuram, Agaram, Sivakasi, Thiruvithankodu, Maraimalai Nagar, Madhavaram, Vadalur, Musiri, Pudukkottai , Kundrathur, Srivaikuntam, Surandai, Bargur, Sholinganallur, Kodambakkam, Palladam, Mulanur, Punjaipugalur, Kelambakkam, Minambakkam, Pennagaram, Kotagiri, Jalakandapuram, Hosur, Bhavani, Tiruchchendur, Punjai Thottakurichi, Vadakarai Kizhpadugai, Ettaiyapuram, Ganapathipuram, Panruti, Ramapuram, Arcot, Vaniyambadi, Mudukulathur, Dhalavoipuram, Gingi, Kadayal, Ayyampettai, Natrampalli, Anaimalai, Kallidaikurichchi, Vadamadurai, Karaikkudi, Pernambut, Kamayagoundanpatti, Vijayapuri, Palayamkottai, Minjur, Thanjavur, Attur, Neyveli, Gandhi Nagar, Dharmapuri, Maduranthakam, Ulundurpettai, Auroville, Vaithiswarankoil, Paramakkudi, Kolachal, Kangayam, Kamuthi, Usilampatti, Vadakku Valliyur, Aralvaimozhi, Belur, Kadathur, Kariamangalam, Inam Karur, Odaiyakulam, Nagapattinam, Udankudi, Arimalam, Mallapuram, Pattiviranpatti, Tirupur, Kaliyakkavilai, Iluppur, Coonoor, Kariapatti, Uttamapalaiyam, Dharapuram, Annur, Vasudevanallur, Ariyalur, Kulithalai, Avadi, Manapparai, Ambasamudram, Tharangambadi, Athanur, Rameswaram, Taramangalam, Sankarankoil, Udagamandalam, Natham, Theni, Kumbakonam, Vellakoil, Kumarapuram, Mayiladuthurai, Alwar Tirunagari, Thiruvalam, Zamin Uthukuli, Coimbatore, Nasiyanur, Chennai, Namakkal, Pallipalaiyam, Vandavasi, Kelamangalam, Kottur, Madurai, Tiruvottiyur, Idappadi, Kalavai, Tiruvallur, Thirunirmalai, Mahabalipuram, Alangulam, Gudiyattam, Vikravandi, Perambalur, Singaperumalkoil, Kovilpatti, Vengavasal, Vilapakkam, Anthiyur, Karumathampatti, Thiruporur, Swamimalai, Madukkarai, Arantangi, Manavalakurichi, Pammal, Urapakkam, Valangaiman, Nagercoil, Singampuneri, Madippakkam, Kinathukadavu, Tirumangalam, Mangadu, Tirupattur, Harur, Puliyankudi, Pollachi, Thuthipattu, Perungalathur, Dindigul, Omalur, Komarapalayam, Thiruvarur, Parangippettai, Kambam, Pallipattu, Acharapakkam, Peraiyur, Sirumugai, Rasipuram, Srirangam, Virudhachalam, Adyar, Thisayanvilai, Polur, Vandalur, Nanguneri, Sattur, Tiruchengode, Aruppukkottai, Kuzhithurai, Kunnathur, Tindivanam, Devakottai, Alangudi, Uthangarai, Kottakuppam, Ranipet, Sankari, Sathyamangalam, Nallur, Sholingur, Tiruverambur, Sirkali, Ramanathapuram, Kolathur, Nannilam, Athani, Karur, Chennimalai, Kattuputhur, Salem, Sivagiri, Nilgiris, Kaveripattinam, Gobichettipalayam, Periyakulam, Cheyyar, Ambur, Chinalapatti, Papanasam, Tiruvannamalai, Aravakurichi, Mallur, Chinna Salem, Sivaganga, Erode, Udumalaipettai, Anakaputhur, Palakkodu, Arni, Maduravoyal, Virudhunagar, Kattumannarkoil, Pudukkottai, Tirupathur, Lalgudi, Tenkasi, Thondamuthur, Chennasamudram, Tirukkoyilur, Arakonam, Sulur, Melvisharam, Kollankoil, Chengalpattu, Ooty, Thiruthangal, Kalugumalai, Udayarpalayam, Krishnagiri, Gummidipoondi, Chembarambakkam, Peravurani, Tiruverkadu, Kayalpattinam, Punjai Puliyampatti, Tuticorin, Kalpakkam, Gangavalli, Srimushnam, Pattukkottai, Saravanampatti, Vilathikulam, Denkanikottai, Muthupet, Thirumalayampalayam, Guduvanchery, Chatrapatti, Madanur, Thuvakudi, Arani, Bhuvanagiri, Perungudi, Kanchipuram, Kodaikanal, Karamadai, Kanyakumari, Mukkudal, Huligal, Nellikkuppam, Panapakkam, Uthiramerur, Shenkottai, Kilvelur, Nilakkottai, Mettur, Kanakkampalayam, Mamallapuram, Gudalur, Thirunindravur, Puliyur, Tiruchirappalli, Uttukkuli, Villupuram, Mannargudi, Nerkunram, Tirunelveli, Manachanallur, Thottiyam, Walajapet, Ponneri, Kumarapalayam, Porur, Jayankondam, Mettupalayam, Valavanur, Vedaranniyam, Vriddhachalam, Srivilliputtur, Pappireddipatti, Orathanadu, Kadayanallur, Manamadurai, Puzhal, Palani, Edaikodu, Annavasal, Adiramapattinam, Oddanchatram, Avinashi, Mylapore, Valasaravakkam, Mattur, Pandamangalam, Chidambaram, Katpadi, Thevaram, Elayirampannai, Sriperumpudur, Madambakkam, Chinnammanur, Bodinayakkanur, Virakeralam, Thiruthuraipundi, Kilakarai, Rajapalayam, Vellore, Kallakurichi, Kanniyakumari, Thoothukudi, Tiruppur, Tiruvarur, Viluppuram, Ambattur, Parrys, Broadway, Guindy, Madhavaram, Padi, Sriperumbudur, Injambakkam, Mudichur, Park town, Sowcarpet, , Vadapalani, Teynampet, Velachery, Mannivakkam Perambur, Thuraipakkam, Tondiarpet.
Adilabad, Bhadradri Kothagudem, Hyderabad, Jagitial, Jangaon, Jayashankar Bhupalapally, Jogulamba Gadwal, Kamareddy, Karimnagar, Khammam, Kumarambheem Asifabad, Mahabubabad, Mahabubnagar, Mancherial district, Medak, Medchal–Malkajgiri, Mulugu, Nagarkurnool, Narayanpet, Nalgonda, Nirmal, Nizamabad, Peddapalli, Rajanna Sircilla, Ranga Reddy, Sangareddy, Siddipet, Suryapet, Vikarabad, Wanaparthy, Warangal Rural, Warangal Urban, Yadadri Bhuvanagiri, Adilabad, Kothagudem, Bhupalpalle, Gadwal, Asifabad, Mancherial, Shamirpet, Sircilla, Shamshabad, Warangal, Bhongir, Secunderabad, Ranigunj, Yellandu, Medchal, Manuguru, Palwancha, Patancheru, Ranga Reddy district, Miryalaguda, Sathupalle, Ramagundam, Bhainsa, Armoor, Narsampet, Ghatkesar, Jagtial, Zahirabad, Koratla, Tandur, Kodada, Gajwel, Bodhan, Sarapaka, Bhadrachalam.
Anantapur, Chittoor, East Godavari, Guntur, Kadapa, Krishna, Kurnool, Sri Potti Sri Ramulu Nellore, Prakasam, Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram, West Godavari, Kakinada, Machilipatnam, Nellore, Ongole, Eluru, Renigunta, Hukumpeta, Chirala, Rajam, Markapur, Kurmannapalem, Suriapet, Madanapalle, Mancheral, Razam, Kanigiri, Pendurthi, Palmaner, Mandapeta, West Godavari Dist., Alampur, Dharmavaram, Narsapur, Tadepalligudem, Pedana, Avanigadda, Ramachandrapuram, Tirvuru, Nandigama, Tadpatri, East Godavari Dist., Peddapuram, Qutubullapur, Gopalapatnam, Uppal Kalan, Bestavaripeta, Pamur, Sirsilla, Pedagantyada, Guti, Puttur, Rameswaram, Kamalapuram, Nagari, Chimakurthy, Kavali, Rajampet, Bapatla, Turangi, Anakapalle, Jammalamadugu, Proddatur, Srikalahasti, Dhone, Penugonda, Narasaraopet, Amur, Tirumala, Vetapalem, Tiruchanur, Palasa, Tuni, Guntakal, Amalapuram, Garacharma, Nandyal, Punganuru, Kuppam, Hindupur, Yemmiganur, Gudur, Sirpur, Rajendranagar, Choutuppal, Salur, Tekkali, Vemalwada, Narayanavanam, Bobbili, Sattenapalle, Mandasa, Gudivada, Adoni, Pulivendla, Chilakaluripet, Uravakonda, Kollapur, Prasantinilayam, Atmakur, Badvel, Trimulgherry, Tenali, Bhimavaram, Nuzvid, Chandur, Karnul, Cuddapah, Kazipet, Ravulapalam, Marturu, Betamcherla, Sulurpeta, Yadagirigutta, Pakala, Nidadavole, Godavarikhani, Repalle, Cumbum, Gannavaram, Nayudupeta, Narsipatnam, Tirupati, Rajahmundry, Palakole, Ajjaram, Samalkot, Kamareddi, Pithapuram, Vijayawada, Chinagantyada, Bapulapadu, Chodavaram, Tanuku, Macherla, Challapalle, Kadiri, Mahabubnagar, Yellamanchili, Akividu, Jaggayyapeta, Gajuvaka, Vinukonda, Kovvur, Singarayakonda, Seetharampuram, Kovur, Andole, Mangalagiri.
Bangalore / Bengaluru , Hubli, Belgaum , Mysuru / Mysore, Shivamogga, Gulbarga, Tumakuru, Davangere, Udupi, Ballari, Bidar, Dharwad , Hampi, Biljapur, Chitradurga, Badami, Hassan, Hosapete, Chikmaglur, Raichur, Gadag, Madikeri, Srirangapatna, Mandya, Bhadravathi, Bagalkot, Karwar, Belur, Uttara Kannada, Pattadakal, Gangavathi, Halebidu, Ranebennur, Hassan, Kolar, Dandeli, Gulbarga, Sringeri, Robertsonpet, Bijapur, Aihole, Manipal, Gadag, Devanahalli, Koppal, Kolar, Manipal, Doddaballapur, Sakleshpur, Karkala.
Kochi, Thiruvananthapuram, Tirvandrum, Kozhikode, Thrissur, Kollam, Kannur, Kottayam, Alappuzha, Palakkad, Munnar , Varkala , Thalassery, Kovalam, Kasaragod, Aluva, Perinthalmanna, Pathanamthitta, chalakuddy, Thodupuzha, Punalur, Tirur, Guruvayur, Kodungallur, Thiruvalla, Malappuram, Muvattupuzha, Kumarakom, Kollam, Tripunithura, Nilambur, Adoor, Kalpetta, Cherthala, Chegannur, Vadakara, Kayamkulam, Ottapalam, Kottarakkara, Vaikom, Ponnani, Kanhangad, Changanacherry, Mattancherry, Kothamangalam, Kalamassery, Koyilandy, Pala, Chavakkad, Perumbavoor, Beypore
Anantnag, Bandipore, Baramulla, Budgam, Doda, Ganderbal, Jammu, Kathua, Kishtwar, Kulgam, Kupwara, Poonch, Pulwama, Rajauri, Ramban, Reasi, Samba, Shopian district, Srinagar, Udhampur, Leh, Kargil, Kishtwar, Shupiyan, Ganderbal,Kartholi, Lassipora, Rangreth, Sopore, Shalteng, Lassipora, Ghatti, Budgam, Trikuta Nagar, Bakshi Nagar, Bishnah, Digiana, Kothi Bagh.
Central Delhi, North Delhi, South Delhi, East Delhi, North East Delhi, South West Delhi, New Delhi, North West Delhi, West Delhi, South Eest Delhi, Daryaganj, Sadar Bazaar, Saket, Preet Vihar, Shahdara, Palam, Connaught Place, Kanjhawala, Rajouri Garden, Defence Colony,Ajmeri Gate, Rohini, Nawada, Anand Parbat, Mundka.
South Andaman, North And Middle Andaman, Nicobars, Portblair, Mayabunder, Car Nicobar, Garacharma, Pahargaon,Pathergudda, Junglighat.
Kavaratti, Agethi
Daman, Diu, Dadra, Nagar Haveli, Naroli, Dabhel, Silvassa.
Karaikal, Mahe, Pondicherry, Yanam, Kurumbapet, Manavely, Ozhukarai, Thirumalairayanpattinam, Villianur, Puducherry.
Chandigarh
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